Evaluasi Beban Kerja terhadap Tenaga Kefarmasian dengan Menggunakan Metode Work Sampling dan WISN
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Perencanaan kebutuhan tenaga kefarmasian berperan penting dalam menjamin mutu pelayanan farmasi klinis dan keselamatan pasien. Berbagai metode digunakan untuk mengevaluasi beban kerja tenaga kefarmasian, di antaranya Work Sampling dan Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN). Namun, belum terdapat kajian yang membandingkan secara komprehensif kedua metode tersebut sebagai dasar perencanaan sumber daya manusia (SDM) kefarmasian. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis tren penggunaan, membandingkan karakteristik, serta mengidentifikasi pendekatan yang paling komprehensif antara Work Sampling dan WISN dalam evaluasi beban kerja tenaga kefarmasian di rumah sakit. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan Systematic Literature Review (SLR) terhadap artikel ilmiah periode 2016–2026 yang diseleksi menggunakan kerangka PICOS. Sebanyak tujuh artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dianalisis melalui sintesis naratif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa WISN merupakan metode yang paling banyak digunakan karena mampu menghasilkan estimasi kebutuhan tenaga secara kuantitatif, sedangkan Work Sampling lebih efektif menggambarkan aktivitas kerja aktual melalui observasi langsung. Sintesis literatur menunjukkan bahwa integrasi kedua metode memberikan evaluasi beban kerja yang lebih komprehensif dengan menggabungkan pengukuran aktivitas aktual dan perhitungan kebutuhan tenaga berdasarkan standar beban kerja. Integrasi Work Sampling dan WISN berpotensi mendukung perencanaan SDM kefarmasian yang lebih akurat, meningkatkan mutu pelayanan farmasi klinis, dan keselamatan pasien.
Pharmaceutical workforce planning plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality of clinical pharmacy services and patient safety. Various methods have been employed to evaluate pharmacists' workload, including Work Sampling and the Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN) method. However, comprehensive evidence comparing the characteristics, strengths, and limitations of these methods as a basis for pharmaceutical human resource planning remains limited. This study aimed to analyze usage trends, compare the characteristics of Work Sampling and WISN, and identify the most comprehensive approach for evaluating pharmaceutical workload in hospitals. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted using articles published between 2016 and 2026. Studies were identified through a structured keyword search and selected based on the PICOS framework. Seven eligible articles were synthesized using a narrative approach. The findings indicate that WISN is the most widely applied method because it provides quantitative estimates of staffing requirements, whereas Work Sampling more effectively captures actual work activities through direct observation. The review further suggests that integrating both methods provides a more comprehensive workload evaluation by combining empirical work activity measurement with standardized staffing calculations. Therefore, integrating Work Sampling and WISN has the potential to improve pharmaceutical workforce planning, enhance clinical pharmacy service quality, and support patient safety.
Kata kunci: Work Sampling, Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN), beban kerja, tenaga kefarmasian, perencanaan SDM, systematic literature review.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.37531/bijac.v7i2.12772
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